Herbal processing is a major feature of traditional Chinese medicine
(TCM). Many Chinese herbs are subjected to specific treatments before they
are used as drugs. According to TCM theory, herbal processing is to fulfill
requirements of different therapies, dispensation and preparations. The main
purpose of herbal processing is to decrease the toxicity and to maximize/
increase the efficacy. In China, the herbal processing has been developed for
thousands of years and become indispensable for the herbal application. Of different processing methods, the treatment with wine is one of the widest
used methods. For example, Angelica Sinensis Radix (ASR) is treated with
wine before the application as herbal drugs. Here, we studied the wine-treatment
of ASR as an example to reveal the...[
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Herbal processing is a major feature of traditional Chinese medicine
(TCM). Many Chinese herbs are subjected to specific treatments before they
are used as drugs. According to TCM theory, herbal processing is to fulfill
requirements of different therapies, dispensation and preparations. The main
purpose of herbal processing is to decrease the toxicity and to maximize/
increase the efficacy. In China, the herbal processing has been developed for
thousands of years and become indispensable for the herbal application. Of different processing methods, the treatment with wine is one of the widest
used methods. For example, Angelica Sinensis Radix (ASR) is treated with
wine before the application as herbal drugs. Here, we studied the wine-treatment
of ASR as an example to reveal the importance of herbal
processing in TCM application.
According to Chinese ancient usage, ASR should be treated with yellow
wine, i.e. a heated-pan was used to fry ASR with yellow wine. However, this
traditional method could not control the temperature, which was not
conducive for quality assurance. By chemical and biological assessments,
oven-baking was applied here to determine the roles of three variable
parameters in the processing of ASR, including oven temperature, baking
time and flipping frequency. The optimized condition of processing with wine
was considered to be heating in an oven at 80 °C for 90 min with flipping
twice per hour.
After wine-treatment, many chemical constituents in ASR were
changed significantly. The content of ferulic acid increased while that of Z-ligustilide
decreased in the extract from wine-treated ASR. Total volatile oils,
a major part in ASR, were over 30% decreased by the treatment with wine.
Besides, the biological functions of wine-treated ASR were significantly
enhanced. The results showed that the wine-treatment increased the
circulatory functions of ASR via inhibiting platelet aggregation and stimulating
NO production in cultured HUVEC cells. Moreover, the estrogenic-like activity
of the wine-treated ASR in cultured MCF-7 cells was markedly enhanced. By revealing the molecular mechanism, the effect of wine-treated ASR on NO
production was shown to be mediated by the phosphorylation of eNOS in
cultured HUVECs. Similarly, the estrogenic activity of the wine-treated ASR
was robust in the phosphorylation of ERα at S118 and of Erk1/2 in cultured
MCF-7 cells. The increased properties of wine-treated ASR in both anti-platelet
aggregation and estrogenic activation could be a result of the altered
levels of ferulic acid and Z-ligustilide in the wine-treated ASR. These studies
supported the traditional usage of the wine-treated ASR in TCM application,
and which indeed showed better function in stimulating “blood”.
Sulfur-smoked ASR is commonly found in the Chinese herbal market.
Moreover, Aneglica Gigas Radix (AGR) is also being used in the markets of
Southeast Asia as ASR. Here, the chemical compositions of different wine-treated
Angelica roots were compared: a robust difference was found
between ASR and AGR. In addition, the wine-treatment decreased the
cytotoxicity of AGR and sulfur-smoked ASR against a variety of cultured cell
lines. But the biological effects were more robustly increased in the wine-treated
ASR, as compared to other types of Angelica roots.
The role of wine-treated ASR in herbal formulae, Danggui Buxue Tang
(DBT), Huangqi Buqi Tang and Si Wu Tang, were elucidated. The wine-treatment
of ASR altered the chemical constituents and biological properties
related to “blood” of these herbal decoctions in different degrees.
Furthermore, ASR-derived total volatile oils, decreased by the wine-treatment,
had been demonstrated to be a negative regulator of DBT’s functions. These results supported that the ancient wisdom of having the wine-treated ASR in
herbal formulae.
In good agreement with the traditional usage, the current results
strongly supported the rationale of treating ASR with wine: (i) a modern wine-treatment
method of ASR was optimized chemically and biologically; (ii) the
wine-treatment of ASR was proved to be reasonable, which should be
complied with today; (iii) the determined relationships, between the chemical
and biological changes, could further explain the underlying mechanism of
the role of wine-treatment in ASR and in herbal formulae. By using chemical
and biological assessment, a systematic approach for wine-treatment of ASR
was developed here: these methodologies could be applied in other herbal
processing methods.
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