The changing relationship between the New York Ning Yung Benevolent Association and the New York Toishanese, 1860-1999
by Ko Hung Yee
THESIS
2003
M.Phil. Humanities
vii, 117 leaves : col. ill. ; 30 cm
Abstract
This paper intended to explore the attitude of the New York Toishanese towards their traditional association, New York NYBA and the newly established voluntary associations. Toishanese demands for social services kept on changing from 1860 to 1999. By satisfying their members’ demands, New York NYBA gained an overwhelming support before 1960. However, this phenomenon cannot continue after 1960. The support of the New York NYBA shifted to the newly established voluntary associations after 1960. The changing attitude of Toishanese towards the voluntary associations is not only caused by their changed demands, but also caused by many other factors.
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